TIMEOUT_EXCEEDED ClickHouse error¶
This error occurs when a query takes longer than the configured timeout limit. It's common with complex queries or large datasets that exceed performance thresholds.
The TIMEOUT_EXCEEDED
error in ClickHouse (and Tinybird) happens when a query execution time exceeds the configured timeout limit. This typically occurs with complex queries, large datasets, or operations that require more time than allowed by the system configuration.
What causes this error¶
You'll typically see it when:
- Complex queries with multiple JOINs or subqueries
- Large datasets that exceed memory or processing limits
- Queries with insufficient indexes or optimization
- System resource constraints (CPU, memory, I/O)
- Network latency issues in distributed queries
- Queries that trigger complex aggregations or transformations
Timeout errors often indicate that your query needs optimization rather than just increasing the timeout limit.
Example errors¶
Fails: complex query with multiple JOINs
SELECT u.id, u.name, COUNT(e.id) as event_count, AVG(e.value) as avg_value FROM users u JOIN events e ON u.id = e.user_id JOIN sessions s ON u.id = s.user_id JOIN metrics m ON s.id = m.session_id WHERE e.timestamp >= '2024-01-01' GROUP BY u.id, u.name HAVING event_count > 100 ORDER BY avg_value DESC
Fails: large dataset without proper filtering
SELECT * FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2020-01-01' ORDER BY timestamp DESC
Fails: complex aggregation without optimization
SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as total_events, COUNT(DISTINCT event_type) as unique_events, AVG(value) as avg_value, STDDEV(value) as std_value FROM events GROUP BY user_id HAVING total_events > 1000
How to fix it¶
Optimize query structure¶
Break down complex queries into simpler parts:
Fix: simplified query
-- First, get the user list WITH user_events AS ( SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as event_count FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' GROUP BY user_id HAVING event_count > 100 ) -- Then, get detailed information SELECT u.id, u.name, ue.event_count FROM users u JOIN user_events ue ON u.id = ue.user_id ORDER BY ue.event_count DESC
Add proper filtering¶
Use WHERE clauses to limit data early:
Fix: add time filtering
SELECT * FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' AND timestamp < '2024-02-01' ORDER BY timestamp DESC
Use appropriate indexes¶
Ensure your tables have proper indexes:
Create optimized table
CREATE TABLE events ( id UInt64, user_id UInt64, event_type String, timestamp DateTime, value Float64 ) ENGINE = MergeTree() ORDER BY (timestamp, user_id) PARTITION BY toYYYYMM(timestamp)
Limit result sets¶
Use LIMIT clauses to prevent large results:
Fix: add LIMIT clause
SELECT user_id, event_type, timestamp FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' ORDER BY timestamp DESC LIMIT 1000
Common patterns and solutions¶
Complex JOIN optimization¶
Break down complex JOINs:
Optimized JOIN approach
-- Step 1: Get filtered base data WITH base_events AS ( SELECT user_id, event_type, timestamp FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' ) -- Step 2: Join with user data SELECT u.id, u.name, be.event_type, be.timestamp FROM users u JOIN base_events be ON u.id = be.user_id LIMIT 1000
Aggregation optimization¶
Optimize aggregations with pre-filtering:
Optimized aggregation
SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as total_events, COUNT(DISTINCT event_type) as unique_events FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' AND user_id IN ( SELECT DISTINCT user_id FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' GROUP BY user_id HAVING COUNT(*) > 100 ) GROUP BY user_id
Subquery optimization¶
Replace complex subqueries with CTEs:
Using CTEs instead of subqueries
WITH user_stats AS ( SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as event_count FROM events WHERE timestamp >= '2024-01-01' GROUP BY user_id ), top_users AS ( SELECT user_id FROM user_stats WHERE event_count > 100 ) SELECT u.id, u.name, us.event_count FROM users u JOIN user_stats us ON u.id = us.user_id JOIN top_users tu ON u.id = tu.user_id
Tinybird-specific notes¶
In Tinybird, timeout errors often occur when:
- Creating complex Materialized Views
- Processing large amounts of data in Pipes
- Running queries against very large datasets
- Using complex transformations in API endpoints
To debug in Tinybird:
- Use the Query Builder to test query performance
- Check the query execution plan
- Monitor resource usage in the UI
- Consider breaking complex operations into smaller Pipes
Use Tinybird's query profiling to identify bottlenecks before they cause timeouts.
Best practices¶
Query design¶
- Start with simple queries and add complexity gradually
- Use appropriate WHERE clauses to filter data early
- Avoid SELECT * on large tables
- Use LIMIT clauses for exploratory queries
Performance optimization¶
- Create proper indexes on frequently queried columns
- Use partitioning for time-series data
- Consider materialized views for complex aggregations
- Monitor query execution plans
Resource management¶
- Set appropriate timeout limits for different query types
- Monitor system resource usage
- Use connection pooling for multiple queries
- Implement retry logic with exponential backoff
Configuration options¶
Adjusting timeout settings¶
Check current timeout settings
SELECT name, value FROM system.settings WHERE name LIKE '%timeout%'
Setting query timeout¶
Set query timeout
SET max_execution_time = 300; -- 5 minutes