Functions for working with URLs

The following functions are available for working with URLs.

You can generally use the non-RFC function variants when working with publicly registered domains that contain neither user strings nor @ symbols.

Functions that Extract Parts of a URL

If the relevant part isn’t present in a URL, an empty string is returned.

protocol

Extracts the protocol from a URL.

Examples of typical returned values: http, https, ftp, mailto, tel, magnet.

domain

Extracts the hostname from a URL.

Syntax

domain(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

The URL can be specified with or without a protocol. Examples:

svn+ssh://some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
https://tinybird.co/time/

For these examples, the domain function returns the following results:

some.svn-hosting.com
some.svn-hosting.com
tinybird.co

Returned values

  • Host name if the input string can be parsed as a URL, otherwise an empty string. String.

Example

SELECT domain('svn+ssh://some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk')

┌─domain('svn+ssh://some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk')─┐
│ some.svn-hosting.com                                   │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

domainRFC

Extracts the hostname from a URL. Similar to domain, but RFC 3986 conformant.

Syntax

domainRFC(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned values

  • Host name if the input string can be parsed as a URL, otherwise an empty string. String.

Example

SELECT
    domain('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment'),
    domainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')

┌─domain('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┬─domainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┐
│                                                                           │ example.com                                                                  │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

domainWithoutWWW

Returns the domain without leading www. if present.

Syntax

domainWithoutWWW(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned values

  • Domain name if the input string can be parsed as a URL (without leading www.), otherwise an empty string. String.

Example

SELECT domainWithoutWWW('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')

┌─domainWithoutWWW('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')─┐
│ example.com                                         │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

domainWithoutWWWRFC

Returns the domain without leading www. if present. Similar to domainWithoutWWW but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

domainWithoutWWWRFC(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned values

  • Domain name if the input string can be parsed as a URL (without leading www.), otherwise an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    domainWithoutWWW('http://user:password@www.example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment'),
    domainWithoutWWWRFC('http://user:password@www.example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')

Result:

┌─domainWithoutWWW('http://user:password@www.example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┬─domainWithoutWWWRFC('http://user:password@www.example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┐
│                                                                                         │ example.com                                                                                │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

topLevelDomain

Extracts the the top-level domain from a URL.

topLevelDomain(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

The URL can be specified with or without a protocol. Examples:

svn+ssh://some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
https://tinybird.co/time/

Returned values

  • Domain name if the input string can be parsed as a URL. Otherwise, an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT topLevelDomain('svn+ssh://www.some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk')

Result:

┌─topLevelDomain('svn+ssh://www.some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk')─┐
│ com                                                                │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

topLevelDomainRFC

Extracts the the top-level domain from a URL. Similar to topLevelDomain, but conforms to RFC 3986.

topLevelDomainRFC(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

The URL can be specified with or without a protocol. Examples:

svn+ssh://some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
some.svn-hosting.com:80/repo/trunk
https://tinybird.co/time/

Returned values

  • Domain name if the input string can be parsed as a URL. Otherwise, an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT topLevelDomain('http://foo:foo%41bar@foo.com'), topLevelDomainRFC('http://foo:foo%41bar@foo.com')

Result:

┌─topLevelDomain('http://foo:foo%41bar@foo.com')─┬─topLevelDomainRFC('http://foo:foo%41bar@foo.com')─┐
│                                                │ com                                               │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

firstSignificantSubdomain

Returns the “first significant subdomain”. The first significant subdomain is a second-level domain for com, net, org, or co, otherwise it's a third-level domain.

Syntax

firstSignificantSubdomain(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • The first significant subdomain. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT firstSignificantSubdomain('http://www.example.com/a/b/c?a=b')

Result:

┌─firstSignificantSubdomain('http://www.example.com/a/b/c?a=b')─┐
│ example                                                       │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

firstSignificantSubdomainRFC

Returns the “first significant subdomain”. The first significant subdomain is a second-level domain for com, net, org, or co, otherwise it's a third-level domain.

Syntax

firstSignificantSubdomainRFC(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • The first significant subdomain. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    firstSignificantSubdomain('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment'),
    firstSignificantSubdomainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')

Result:

┌─firstSignificantSubdomain('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┬─firstSignificantSubdomainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080/path?query=value#fragment')─┐
│                                                                                              │ example                                                                                         │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the “first significant subdomain”.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain if possible, otherwise returns an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('https://news.tinybird.co.tr/'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('www.tr'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('tr')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('https://news.tinybird.co.tr/')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('www.tr')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('tr')─┐
│ tinybird.co.tr                                                 │ tr                                       │                                      │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainRFC

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the “first significant subdomain”. Similar to cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainRFC(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain if possible, otherwise returns an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('http://user:password@example.com:8080'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain('http://user:password@example.com:8080')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080')─┐
│                                                                         │ example.com                                                                │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the "first significant subdomain", without stripping www.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain (with www) if possible, otherwise returns an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('https://news.tinybird.co.tr/'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('www.tr'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('tr')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('https://news.tinybird.co.tr/')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('www.tr')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('tr')─┐
│ tinybird.co.tr                                                        │ www.tr                                          │                                             │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWWRFC

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the "first significant subdomain", without stripping www. Similar to cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain (with "www") if possible, otherwise returns an empty string. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('http:%2F%2Fwwwww.nova@mail.ru/economicheskiy'),
    cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWWRFC('http:%2F%2Fwwwww.nova@mail.ru/economicheskiy')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWW('http:%2F%2Fwwwww.nova@mail.ru/economicheskiy')─┬─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainWithWWWRFC('http:%2F%2Fwwwww.nova@mail.ru/economicheskiy')─┐
│                                                                                       │ mail.ru                                                                                  │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustom

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain. Accepts custom TLD list name. This function can be useful if you need a fresh TLD list or if you have a custom list.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomain(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustom('bar.foo.there-is-no-such-domain', 'public_suffix_list')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustom('bar.foo.there-is-no-such-domain', 'public_suffix_list')─┐
│ foo.there-is-no-such-domain                                                                   │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomRFC

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain. Accepts custom TLD list name. This function can be useful if you need a fresh TLD list or if you have a custom list. Similar to cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustom but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainRFC(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain. String.

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWW

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain without stripping www. Accepts custom TLD list name. It can be useful if you need a fresh TLD list or if you have a custom list.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWW(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain without stripping www. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWW('www.foo', 'public_suffix_list')

Result:

┌─cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWW('www.foo', 'public_suffix_list')─┐
│ www.foo                                                                      │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWWRFC

Returns the part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain without stripping www. Accepts custom TLD list name. It can be useful if you need a fresh TLD list or if you have a custom list. Similar to cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWW but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

cutToFirstSignificantSubdomainCustomWithWWWRFC(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • Part of the domain that includes top-level subdomains up to the first significant subdomain without stripping www. String.

firstSignificantSubdomainCustom

Returns the first significant subdomain. Accepts customs TLD list name. Can be useful if you need fresh TLD list or you have custom.

Syntax

firstSignificantSubdomainCustom(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • First significant subdomain. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT firstSignificantSubdomainCustom('bar.foo.there-is-no-such-domain', 'public_suffix_list')

Result:

┌─firstSignificantSubdomainCustom('bar.foo.there-is-no-such-domain', 'public_suffix_list')─┐
│ foo                                                                                      │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

firstSignificantSubdomainCustomRFC

Returns the first significant subdomain. Accepts customs TLD list name. Can be useful if you need fresh TLD list or you have custom. Similar to firstSignificantSubdomainCustom but conforms to RFC 3986.

Syntax

firstSignificantSubdomainCustomRFC(url, tld)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • tld: Custom TLD list name. String.

Returned value

  • First significant subdomain. String.

port

Returns the port or default_port if the URL contains no port or can't be parsed.

Syntax

port(url [, default_port = 0])

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • default_port: The default port number to be returned. UInt16.

Returned value

  • Port or the default port if there is no port in the URL or in case of a validation error. UInt16.

Example

Query:

SELECT port('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')

Result:

┌─port('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')─┐
│                                      80 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

portRFC

Returns the port or default_port if the URL contains no port or can't be parsed. Similar to port, but RFC 3986 conformant.

Syntax

portRFC(url [, default_port = 0])

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • default_port: The default port number to be returned. UInt16.

Returned value

  • Port or the default port if there is no port in the URL or in case of a validation error. UInt16.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    port('http://user:password@example.com:8080'),
    portRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080')

Result:

┌─port('http://user:password@example.com:8080')─┬─portRFC('http://user:password@example.com:8080')─┐
│                                             0 │                                             8080 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

path

Returns the path without query string.

Example: /top/news.html.

pathFull

The same as above, but including query string and fragment.

Example: /top/news.html?page=2#comments.

protocol

Extracts the protocol from a URL.

Syntax

protocol(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL to extract protocol from. String.

Returned value

  • Protocol, or an empty string if it can't be determined. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT protocol('https://tinybird.co/')

Result:

┌─protocol('https://tinybird.co/')─┐
│ https                               │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

queryString

Returns the query string without the initial question mark, # and everything after #.

Example: page=1&lr=213.

fragment

Returns the fragment identifier without the initial hash symbol.

queryStringAndFragment

Returns the query string and fragment identifier.

Example: page=1#29390.

extractURLParameter(url, name)

Returns the value of the name parameter in the URL, if present, otherwise an empty string is returned. If there are multiple parameters with this name, the first occurrence is returned. The function assumes that the parameter in the url parameter is encoded in the same way as in the name argument.

extractURLParameters(url)

Returns an array of name=value strings corresponding to the URL parameters. The values aren't decoded.

extractURLParameterNames(url)

Returns an array of name strings corresponding to the names of URL parameters. The values aren't decoded.

URLHierarchy(url)

Returns an array containing the URL, truncated at the end by the symbols /,? in the path and query-string. Consecutive separator characters are counted as one. The cut is made in the position after all the consecutive separator characters.

URLPathHierarchy(url)

The same as above, but without the protocol and host in the result. The / element (root) isn't included.

URLPathHierarchy('https://example.com/browse/CONV-6788') =
[
    '/browse/',
    '/browse/CONV-6788'
]

encodeURLComponent(url)

Returns the encoded URL.

Example:

SELECT encodeURLComponent('http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT 1;') AS EncodedURL

┌─EncodedURL───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ http%3A%2F%2F127.0.0.1%3A8123%2F%3Fquery%3DSELECT%201%3B │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

decodeURLComponent(url)

Returns the decoded URL.

Example:

SELECT decodeURLComponent('http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT%201%3B') AS DecodedURL

┌─DecodedURL─────────────────────────────┐
│ http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT 1; │
└────────────────────────────────────────┘

encodeURLFormComponent(url)

Returns the encoded URL. Follows rfc-1866, space( ) is encoded as plus(+).

Example:

SELECT encodeURLFormComponent('http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT 1 2+3') AS EncodedURL

┌─EncodedURL────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ http%3A%2F%2F127.0.0.1%3A8123%2F%3Fquery%3DSELECT+1+2%2B3 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

decodeURLFormComponent(url)

Returns the decoded URL. Follows rfc-1866, plain plus(+) is decoded as space( ).

Example:

SELECT decodeURLFormComponent('http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT%201+2%2B3') AS DecodedURL

┌─DecodedURL────────────────────────────────┐
│ http://127.0.0.1:8123/?query=SELECT 1 2+3 │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘

netloc

Extracts network locality (username:password@host:port) from a URL.

Syntax

netloc(url)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.

Returned value

  • username:password@host:port. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT netloc('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')

Result:

┌─netloc('http://paul@www.example.com:80/')─┐
│ paul@www.example.com:80                   │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┘

Functions that remove part of a URL

If the URL doesn't have anything similar, the URL remains unchanged.

cutWWW

Removes leading www. (if present) from the URL’s domain.

cutQueryString

Removes query string, including the question mark.

cutFragment

Removes the fragment identifier, including the number sign.

cutQueryStringAndFragment

Removes the query string and fragment identifier, including the question mark and number sign.

cutURLParameter(url, name)

Removes the name parameter from a URL, if present. This function doesn't encode or decode characters in parameter names, e.g. Client ID and Client%20ID are treated as different parameter names.

Syntax

cutURLParameter(url, name)

Arguments

  • url: URL. String.
  • name: name of URL parameter. String or Array of Strings.

Returned value

  • url with name URL parameter removed. String.

Example

Query:

SELECT
    cutURLParameter('http://bigmir.net/?a=b&c=d&e=f#g', 'a') as url_without_a,
    cutURLParameter('http://bigmir.net/?a=b&c=d&e=f#g', ['c', 'e']) as url_without_c_and_e

Result:

┌─url_without_a────────────────┬─url_without_c_and_e──────┐
│ http://bigmir.net/?c=d&e=f#g │ http://bigmir.net/?a=b#g │
└──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘
Updated